Academic Integrity and Consequences: Foundations for Doctoral Study Discussion

The following discussion assignment comprised part of my Walden University AMDS  8008 Foundations for Doctoral Study course.  Below the instructions I have pasted by contribution to the discussion:

Academic Integrity and Consequences

Plagiarism is a violation of academic integrity. When plagiarism is detected and proven, the consequences can be severe. In this Discussion, you will have an opportunity to analyze three academic integrity violations and debate the consequences for each. 

To prepare for this Discussion: 

 

  • Review the Walden Catalog Statement on Academic Integrity. Why do universities have such policies? 
  • Review the Process for Academic Integrity Violations. Evaluate the severity of consequences for plagiarism.
  • Review the Types of Plagiarism Web site to familiarize yourself with the range of what constitutes plagiarism.
  • Consider the following scenarios. Each student has been identified by the Instructor as having plagiarized in a 10-page paper. Each student has a combination of plagairism through sources not cited and sources cited. The Instructor has a private conversation with each student regarding the situation and to uncover the reason for the plagiarism. Read each student’s situation below.

 

 

  •  
    • Student 1: This student acted surprised when confronted with the plagiarism. After the Instructor asked the student several questions about the paper’s content—and the student could not answer them—the student admitted to buying a paper from the Internet and submitting it as his own work. The student revealed that he chose to go on a spontaneous vacation with a friend to the Bahamas for a week instead of writing his paper.
    • Student 2: This student admitted to copying passages out of articles and not using quotation marks where needed. The student also revealed that her 73-year-old mother had been in the hosiptal for five days this past week after suffering a mild heart attack. The student had been splitting her time between trips to the hospital and caring for her 85-year-old father, who was bedridden. 
    • Student 3: English is this student’s third language. The student has difficulty reading and comprehending English. The student also comes from a culture where repeating what someone else has said or written is a form of respect for that person. The student does not understand that she has done anything wrong.

 

  • Should each student in the above scenarios receive the same consequences for his or her plagiarism? 
  • Justify your position with citations from the Walden Catalog Statement on Academic Integrity and the consequences of plagiarism. (Check your APA manual for the proper citation of a Web site.)

—– CUT HERE —-

  It is clear that academic dishonesty is that the crux of the three scenarios outlined in the discussion requirements. Their circumstances and appropriate treatment, however, differ as widely as their stories.

The first student either feigned ignorance or was truly ignorant of academic dishonesty policy, both of definition and of policy. It is clear he knew that he was producing a sub-par papaer, but since he did not seem to know what constitutes plagiarism and what does not, he likely thought it simply to be a poor paper and lured by the siren song of the Bahamian beauties, he likely did not give enough time or thought to his second-rate work to realize that he had done any wrong.
That said, whether or not his program included a formal section on academic integrity such as SBSF-8005/AMDS-8008, ignorance of policy is no excuse. If it is found that this student is a relatively new student, having been away from the academic world for a period of time–even so, Walden University is an autonomous university and there is no “universal code of academic integrity,” thus Walden can only make the assumption that he has informed himself through the appropriate course calendar. I admit, even as I try to keep up with all the school policies, I miss some–and forget others. If this is indeed his first offence, and he has spoken truthfully, he should be required to complete the Academic Interity course with the minimum ‘B’ grade as well a to complete the assignment and accept a failing grade on that project (Walden University, 2009).

The second student obviously had extenuating circumstances; however, there are mechanisms for dealing with this without resorting to academic dishonesty. In most cases, simply communication with the professor and negotiating an acceptable deferred due date or some other mutually-acceptable arrangement is the ideal action. This illustrates that she was not aware of university policy and acted in contravention of this academic integrity protocol this awareness notwithstanding. She should also be compelled to take the Academic Integrity course and earn a minimum ‘B’ grade as well as to re-submit her own, original work, at a reduced grade (Walden University, 2009).

The third student, though brought up in a different culture, illustrates the practical need for TOEFL requirements in North American schools. While language training courses are hardly standardized and may not cover more or less of American or Canadian culture–as the case may be (I live in a house that rents short-term to a pair of English as a Second Language foreign students, who rotate bimonthly) and Walden University cannot make expectations of a non-standardized course, it is clear that this student was not aware of the Academic Integrity and plagiarism definitions. This student should be required to complete the Academic Integrity course earning a minimum “B” grade and resubmit the assignment for full grade (Walden University, 2009).

Others of you may be less tolerant of the first example and recommend immediate expulsion. I submit, however, that one bad decision resulting from poor judgement and peer pressure should not ruin the entire future of a potentially bright individual. Harsh treatment, yes, but I believe suspension should be reserved for repeat offenders, and expulsion for repeat offenders of particularly serious academic integrity transgressions.

Walden University. (2009). Code of Conduct. Retrieved September 29, 2009, from http://catalog.waldenu.edu/content.php?catoid=2&navoid=211
Date Modified: 29 Sep 09    8:29 PM MST

 

         Jalana Jamar

30 Sep 09    2:17 PM MST

  Robin,

With the first student, he bought the paper from the internet. Are you saying that he should just be punished because it was a poor paper? (or am I reading it wrong?)

I do agree with you on the second student, she should have talked to the professor instead of trying to complete the assignments under pressure. However, do you feel that she should have a lower grade because she waited until after before she told the professor what was going on in her life? With the third student, don’t foreign students have to take an english test (written) before they are accepted into school? Why should he get full credit, but the second student gets a reduced grade?

 

         Robin Cheung

30 Sep 09    6:45 PM MST

  Jalana,

No, you’re not reading it wrong. Perhaps I wasn’t clear enough in my intent. The intent is that to complete the course requirements, the material must be completed, whether for credit or not. I would not have any issue with the instructor giving a zero grade on the paper–but the paper must still be completed in my mind if the student is to continue. That is all I meant.

 

         Barry Hull

30 Sep 09    2:59 PM MST

  Robin,

When I read your discussion for the first student, I wondered if I had misread the description of the events because I hardly recognized the situation the way you described it. I see it quite a bit differently.

In my opinion, it does not matter how long someone has been away from the academic world, and it does not matter whether the school policy has been read, and it does not matter whether his program included a formal section on academic integrity, and it does not matter whether he finally spoke truthfully. I’ve been away from the academic world for over twenty years and I can’t even spell plagiarism (used a spell checker). The knucklehead bought a paper from the internet and submitted it as his own, for crying out loud.

Also, I don’t subscribe to the notion that I am less tolerant. With a good sincere effort I would bend over backwards to help, but this guy is a blatant cheat. The characterization of “immediate expulsion” I reject as well. I actually chuckled when I read “one bad decision resulting from poor judgement and peer pressure should not ruin the entire future of a potentially bright individual”. Peer pressure? He was peer pressured into chasing babes in the Bahamas? Funny. I’m not interested in ruining his entire future, (although I’m not sure how bright he is) just kicking him out of Walden University. He can pursue his degree somewhere else, just not here.

By the way, I chuckled because from reading the stuff you have already posted in other discussions I had guessed that you were going to recommend giving the first student a break. You’re probably a pushover, not that being a pushover is a bad thing though. Who knows, maybe I’m just an ass, I’ll give that some thought. I’d still kick the bum out though.
Date Modified: 30 Sep 09    3:01 PM MST

 

         Robin Cheung

30 Sep 09    6:47 PM MST

  I do agree that there is no excuse for the plagiarism, no matter what the reason; however, as I realize now from the previous response, I perhaps had not been clear enough in my reasoning.

What I mean is that I am looking at this not from the student’s point of view so much as society’s and what society stands to gain from the student. If Student 1 can make it through the remainder of the program on merit without again resorting to plagiarism, then society misses out on a rare gift if the behaviour could have been corrected. I’ve seen how often exceptional students in segregated gifted programs in grade and high school, ostracized and persecuted by the rest of the student population, have adopted alternative–almost rebellious at times–attitudes. It does, at times, take a wake-up call–or perhaps even a seemingly miraculous second chance–to help these students express their gift within societal norms.

When I mentioned peer pressure, I had assumed the fact that the assignment stated “with a friend” was significant in some way.

That said, as I clarified in the previous post, in order to continue, I would be agreeable with the instructor giving a zero grade on the paper; however, to continue, the course requirements–including the paper–must still be completed. I don’t see that as being a complete pushover–merely that in order to continue, the student must still complete the course requirements and is punished the first time with the academic penalty. Subsequent offences, doubtless, I would without pause be on your side about expelling the student.

By the way, Barry, the skies are an uncharacteristic blue today–a fair departure from its normal pink. I would put a smiley here, but I learned from an earringed man on a DVD that it might reflect poorly on me (Burkholder, 2008).

Burkholder, G. (2008). Tips for effective online composition and communication. In Laureate Education, inc. (2008). Walden University: Foundations [DVD]. Boston, MD: Laureate Education, Inc.
Date Modified: 30 Sep 09    7:59 PM MST

Respond   Edit  

 

         Barry Hull

1 Oct 09    6:23 AM MST

  Robin,

Funny. You made me laugh again, pink skies, you bleeding hearts!

This could be one of those endless back and forth conversations almost like talking politics, best over a cup of coffee, but since you’re one of THOSE who doesn’t drink coffee… (kidding) anyway, I’m not sure of the appropriate punishment for Student 2 and 3. It was hard to determine their intent from the descriptions. I would follow past protocols, whatever those may be, for similar violations, which might be nothing more than redoing the work.

However, Student 1 is in a different category. As I said, and likely we all agree, he is a blatant cheat. Maybe where we differ is this, society, at least the Walden society, shouldn’t care what there is to gain from him, and shouldn’t be concerned whether he has any rare gifts. In my opinion, there should be no second chances for him. I’m sorry that he succumbed to peer pressure, but this is not grade school or high school, and when you cross the line that far you take your chances. Who was it that said, “If you can’t do the time, don’t do the crime”? I should probably cite that but I have no idea where it came from. Hopefully this will be a wake-up call for Student 1, and if he does have something to contribute, he can make those contributions at another university, and then go on to live a wonderful life.

I bet he would be fun to hang around with in the Bahamas though.

 

         Samantha Kanta

1 Oct 09  12:53 AM MST

  Crikey Barry!

I’m glad I didn’t have you as an Instructor in College. You’d be one of the tough’n'scary ones ;)

(joking)

:)

 

         Barry Hull

1 Oct 09    6:25 AM MST

  Samantha,

So I guess this means that you think beating Student 1 with a rubber hose is too harsh?

By the way, in a former life I was a US Navy instructor pilot, taught air combat maneuvering. Student scores were a VERY BIG deal because it meant what aircraft you would be assigned to fly, everybody wanted F/A-18s. The average scores of instructors were posted for all to see. I’ll have you know that I consistently had the highest averages and was considered a pussycat to fly with. Some of the other instructors even gave me a hard time because they thought I was grading too easy. However, if we had caught a cheat like Student 1, we would have kicked him out, but only after we had dragged him down to the woodshed. Dragging him to the woodshed is an American term, maybe similar to your term “sent down” only I would guess a little bit harsher. Although I did see that movie about the Australian guy with the big knife. That guy was tough, I’m sure you just love that stereotype.

 

         Robin Cheung

1 Oct 09    7:09 AM MST

  I’m sorry. My Canadianness must be showing through. But I guess you noticed that when I took off my shoes before coming in and apologized when when the cat stepped on my foot…

While I haven’t quite as rigorous training as you have in any way, I was a training officer for a division of the Canadian St. John Ambulance Brigade as well as instructor for other courses (one of which was Kaplan’s GMAT test prep). I always maintained high standards and generally had no problems failing people whom I believed were not meeting the standards. I especially do not waiver on lowering standards in cases where the student either clearly lacks the foundations and background for material or the ability.

I probably inherited this approach from my father, as a result of whom I travelled regularly each week to my local high school for calculus lessons during grade seven (sorry, seventh grade for the Americans) since the math teachers in my school couldn’t remember any calculus. As Provincial Medical Officer in St. John Ambulance he was known to have passed fewer than 60% of his students (he’s now a part-time lecturer for the University of Ottawa Medical School for the past 14 years and I hear he’s quite tough there, too, though he is expected not to fail that many).

I do believe that an appropriate course and evaluation is one that is normally distributed; that is, similarly to how the College of Familly Physicians passes licence exam-takers, everyone within one standard deviation of the mean grade. If the too many students pass, then the material or exam was too easy; if too many students fail, then it was too hard.

Perhaps it is then clear that I’m not that much of a push-over, and would not make much exception in cases where a student’s aptitudes and abilities are incongruent with the chosen program; but where the student has obvious tremendous potential but the problem lies in difficulties expressing this potential in a way society can benefit, I will do everything I can to bring the two worlds together.

Perfecting Paraphrasing and Précis

The following discussion assignment was part of the Week 6 requirements of my Walden University AMDS 8008 Foundations for Doctoral Study course.  My contribution appears below the instructions:

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is an important skill you will use throughout your Walden program. This Disscussion will allow you to practice your own paraphrasing and help your fellow students sharpen their skills. 

To prepare for this Discussion: 

 

  • Review the Introduction to Scholarly Writing: Plagiarism and Academic Integrity handout and media segment
  • Read the following paragraphs, which were written by Patricia O’Conner.

    “A good writer is one you can read without breaking a sweat. If you want a workout, you don’t lift a book—you lift weights. Yet we’re brainwashed to believe that the more brilliant the writer, the tougher the going.

    “The truth is that the reader is always right. Chances are, if something you’re reading doesn’t make sense, it’s not your fault—it’s the writer’s. And if something you write doesn’t get your point across, it’s probably not the reader’s fault—it’s yours. Too many readers are intimidated and humbled by what they can’t understand, and in some cases that’s precisely the effect the writer is after. But confusion is not complexity; it’s just confusion. A venerable tradition, dating back to the ancient Greek orators, teaches that if you don’t know what you’re talking about, just ratchet up the level of difficulty and no one will ever know.

    “Don’t confuse simplicity, though, with simplemindedness. A good writer can express an extremely complicated idea clearly and make the job look effortless. But such simplicity is a difficult thing to achieve because to be clear in your writing you have to be clear in your thinking. This is why the simplest and clearest writing has the greatest power to delight, surprise, inform, and move the reader. You can’t have this kind of shared understanding if writer and reader are in an adversary relationship. (pp. 195–196)”

    Source: O’Conner, P. (2003). Woe is I: The grammarphobe’s guide to better English in plain English. New York: Riverhead Books.

  • Paraphrase O’Conner’s passages using 50–75 words. Remember that paraphrasing means summarizing the essence of an original short text. It does not mean creating a thesaurus-like revision of the author’s original words or copying the piece, or any part of it, word for word. For this assignment, minimize the use of direct quotes.
  • Begin your assignment with the words: “O’Conner (2003) argued that…”

—- CUT HERE —–

      Robin Cheung

14 Oct 09    9:37 PM MST

  Good writers are able to express complex concepts in concise yet compelling ways; often the minimalist message is the most meaningful. Simple messages do not signal simple minds; in fact, classical wisdom of the classical Greeks taught a technique to use obfuscation to obscure weaknesses in what a writer knew. Further, writers who consider readers collaborative colleagues rather than rivals often are the most effective communicators (O’Conner, 2003).

The writer’s objective is not only to be understood, but also to be remembered.

(While the Discussion question uses both “O’Conner” and “O’Connor,” a quick survey of grammar sites on the Internet generally list Patricia O’Connor, the grammarian, as spelled with an “o,” although the cover of Woe is I (O’Conner, 1996) is shown using an “e.”)

References

O’Conner, P. (2003). Woe is I: The grammarphobe’s guide to better English in plain English. New York: Riverhead Books. Retrieved from
http://sylvan.live.ecollege.com/ec/crs/default.learn?CourseID=3651760&Survey=1&47=4918616&ClientNodeID=404183&coursenav=1&bhcp=1

Transforming Plagiarism

The following exerpt was part of a Discussion Assignment for my AMDS 8008: Foundations for Doctoral Study course, Week 6.  My own personal contribution appears below the assignment instructions:

Transforming Plagiarism into Writing with Academic Integrity

In order to help you avoid plagiarism in your own writing, it will help to distinguish what constitutes plagiarism by comparing plagiarized writing with source material. In this Discussion, you and your fellow students will detect, appraise, and revise an example of plagiarism.

To prepare for this Discussion:

  • Review the Introduction to Scholarly Writing: Plagiarism and Academic Integrity handout and media segment.
  • Read the original passage below, which was excerpted from Crossen, C. (1994). Tainted: The manipulation of fact in America. New York: Touchstone, pp. 166–167.”Doctors, whose first allegiance is supposed to be to their patients, have traditionally stood between drug company researchers and trusting consumers. Yet unless there is evidence of misconduct (the deliberate misrepresentation of something as fact by someone who knows it is not), it is very difficult to discover and virtually impossible to prove that a piece of biomedical research has been tainted by conflict of interest. No study is perfect, and problems arise in the labs of even the most conscientious and honest researchers. Although biomedical research incorporates rigorous scientific rules and is often critically scrutinized by peers, the information can nevertheless be warped—by ending a study because the results are disappointing; changing rules mid-study; not trying to publish negative results; publicizing preliminary results even with final and less positive results in hand; skimming over or even not acknowledging drawbacks; and, especially, casting the results in the best light or, as scientists say, buffing them.”
  • Next, read the following passage, which was written by a student who wants to use this source in a paper and is trying not to plagiarize. Analyze the student’s work for plagiarism:”Consumers must trust that the research that has gone into the manufacture of new drugs is safe. But it is hard to know if a conflict of interest between doctors, researchers, and the drug company stockholders has tainted the results. Biomedical researchers incorporate strict rules of science into their work, which is examined by peers. Yet the resulting information can be warped for five reasons: ending a study too soon, not publishing negative results, publishing results too early, skimming over or ignoring drawbacks, and ‘buffing’ the results by showing them in the best light (Crossen, 1994, p. 167).”
  • Decide the extent to which the student has plagiarized the original source. (Hint: He has.)
  • Choose two sentences from the student’s passage that are plagiarized, and rewrite them in your own words with a standard APA in-text citation to show that you are rephrasing the original sentences. Avoid using any direct quotes.

With these thoughts in mind:

Post for each of the 2 sentences you have selected

The original sentence.

  • The problem with it.
  • Your revision with a standard APA in-text citation.

—— CUT HERE ——

Robin Cheung 14 Oct 09    5:10 PM MST
As described in “Types of Plagiarism” (2009), the student seems to fit the “Too Perfect Paraphrase” plagiarist type, although evidently tainted by elements of “Labor of Laziness.” Laziness in paraphrasing Crossen (1994) adds inferences that may or may not be valid, since the new pieces of information introduced during paraphrasing lack citations. The student’s paraphrased work retains the overall structure and tone of Crossen (1994), with cosmetic changes, and cites only one direct quotation, claiming the remainder as original.

One example is the following sentence:

Yet unless there is evidence of misconduct (the deliberate
misrepresentation of something as fact by someone who
knows it is not), it is very difficult to discover and virtually
impossible to prove that a piece of biomedical research has
been tainted by conflict of interest (Crossen, 1994).

The student presents the concept of conflict of interest as a motivator and even uses the same word: “taint”:

But it is hard to know if a conflict of interest between doctors,
researchers, and the drug company stockholders has tainted
the results.

The student has implicated stockholders and doctors in the paraphrase, which does not necessarily follow logically from the original statement; doctors may have no financial stake in the success or failure of a drug being evaluated and stockholders are generally insulated from actual management decisions in corporations by hiring managers to operate the company for the owners, who may not have any managerial or technical expertise in the field. Crossen (1994) implies that physicians play a key role in protecting consumers, who lack medical training, from marketing efforts of drug developers. The student has extended the implication to company stockholders without citing any support.

The student has further lost the original author’s specificity about how the results are often tained by “deliberate misrepresentation of something as fact by someone who knows it is not” (Crossen, 1994).

The student has not critically analyzed the author’s conclusions and simply re-presents them in the same order, sometimes changing or eliminating wording. It is not long before another similar case presents:

Although biomedical research incorporates rigorous scientific
rules and is often critically scrutinized by peers, the information
can nevertheless be warped…. (Crossen, 1994).

The student has used the same piece of information to qualify the same conclusions as the original author, and again has retained the original wording of key concepts, such as “strict rules” pertaining to scientific research and examination by peers: “Biomedical researchers incorporate strict rules of science into their work, which is examined by peers.” Lost in the paraphrase is the author’s acknowledgment that peer review examines not the validity of results but the validity of the methods used to gather and interpret the results (Afifi, 2006) in the previous statement: “No study is perfect, and problems arise in the labs of even the most conscientious and honest researchers” (Crossen, 1994).

While presenting the same conclusions with evidence of critical review of the original information and arguments can be legitimate, the student has shown no evidence of critical analysis; in fact, the student has both eliminated some of the original argument and introduced new facts during rewording without support. While the optimal course of action would be a complete resubmission based on critical analysis of the source, the academic integrity infraction can at least be relieved by reconstructing the offending statements:

Crossen (1994) states that while physicians have traditionally
offered some protection to consumers, who lack medical
expertise, against misrepresentation by drug researchers,
conflict of interest may not be apparent.”

and

While scientific rigor helps maintain integrity in peer-reviewed
research, results are not immune to misrepresentation.

References

Afifi, M. (2006). Reviewing the “Letter-to-editor” section in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2000-2004. Retrieved on October 13, 2009 from http://www.who.int/bulletin/bulletin_board/84/letters/en/index.html

Crossen, C. (1994). Tainted: The manipulation of fact in America. New York: Touchstone, pp. 166–167. Retrieved October 13, 2009 from http://sylvan.live.ecollege.com/ec/crs/default.learn?CourseID=3651760&Survey=1&47=4918616&ClientNodeID=404183&coursenav=1&bhcp=1

Types of plagiarism. (2006). Retrieved October 13, 2009 from http://www.who.int/bulletin/bulletin_board/84/letters/en/index.html

Improving Scholarly Writing

Some writing aims to convince readers of a particular point of view or incite the reader to action (Zuckerman, 2008), such as advertisements and documentaries. Scholarly writing, however, aims to be as informative and unbiased as possible, conveying accuracy with precision rather than achieving a desired effect.

Scholarly writing should be maximally efficient, using the appropriate words in an appropriate arrangement to convey accurate information as precisely as possible while striving to be as concise and succinct as possible. It should not itself guide the reader to a position on the topic but rather provide enough information that the reader can make an informed decision about the topic.

While I have long considered myself adept at conveying impact and emotion in my writing, I continue to strive for increased efficiency. Two goals I continue to pursue in my scholarly writing are better planning and structuring to convey information in an organized format as well as precision.

I believe this can be achieved largely by practising two basic behaviours fastidiously as I write in the future: pre-planning my works with the major points and supporting arguments predetermined, and having a second reader review my work before submission. I have long been a proponent of keeping essays simple and balanced through constricting a typical essay to three major points, each point supported by three arguments, each argument rationally argued with three pieces of evidence. This aims to keep the paper simple by discussing a restricted number of issues, providing an equal amount of support for each issue, and choosing the most compelling arguments both for and against each point. The end result is a paper that is strong, balanced, organized, and compelling.

In the process of writing a paper, the author spends a great deal of time researching, thinking about, and writing about the topic. Naturally, the author has a clear mental picture of the arguments and paper that does not exist in the minds of readers. Many inconsistencies or tenuous arguments can be identified only by a reader who has not yet been introduced to the topic and expended as much thought and analysis of the topic as the author; thus, I aim to improve the effectiveness and clarity of my scholarly writing by enlisting the aid of an individual who has not spent a great deal of time recently analyzing and writing about the topic.

Together, these two practices should greatly improve the efficienc,y efficacy, and impact in my scholarly writing.

Zuckerman, J. (2008). Introduction to Scholarly Writing: Finding a Scholarly Voice [Motion picture). Walden University, Baltimore, MD